Ethnicity is the subject of this collection of studies. The first question is whether or not, in an era criss-crossed with processes of transnational migrations, increasingly common migration-linked ethnicities differ essentially from traditional indigenous ones. Secondly, at a time when secularisation is a key feature of the globalisation and upscaling that have become paradigms for efficient future management, to what extent are countermovements generally sparked off, sustained and advanced by religious (and to lesser extent linguistic) emblems and structures. These questions are dealt with by means of a series of field studies among Mediterranean immigrants, Chinese and Christian Turkish refugees. The findings are compared with indigenous ethnogenesis in Transylvania and in Spain, focussing on past Christian-Muslim relations and confrontations in these areas. In this second, revised edition some attention is also given to the supra-ethnic processes in the large cities.