Walter Benjamin derided Werner Scholem as a ‘rogue’ in 1924. Josef Stalin referred him as a ‘splendid man’, but soon backtracked and labelled him an ‘imbecile’, while Ernst Thalmann, chairman of the Communist Party of Germany (KPD), warned his followers against the dangers of ‘Scholemism’. This first biography of Werner Scholem tells his life story by drawing on a wide range of original sources and archive material long hidden beyond the Iron Curtain of the Cold War era.