Sixty years before the comics entered the American newspaper press, Rodolphe Toepffer of Geneva (1799-1846), schoolmaster, university professor, polemical journalist, art critic, landscape draftsman, and writer of fiction, travel tales, and social criticism, invented a new art form: the comic strip, or
picture story,
that is now the graphic novel. At first he resisted publishing what he called his
little follies.
When he did, they became instantly popular, plagiarized, and imitated throughout Europe and the United States. Toepffer developed a graphic style suited to his poor eyesight: the doodle, which he systematized and also theorized. The drawings, with their
modernist
spontaneous, flickering, broken lines, forming figures in mad hyperactivity, run above deft, ironic captions and propel narratives of surreal absurdity. The artist’s maniacal protagonists mix social satire with myth. By the mid-nineteenth century, Messrs. Jabot, Festus, Cryptogame, and other members of the crazy family, comprising eight picture stories in all, were instant folk heroes. In a biographical framework, Kunzle situates the comic strips in the Genevan and European culture of the time as well as in relation to Toepffer’s other work, notably his hilarious travel tales, and recounts their curious genesis (with an initial imprimatur from Goethe, no less) and their controversial success. Kunzle’s study, the first in English on the writer-artist, accompanies Rodolphe Toepffer: The Complete Comic Strips, a facsimile edition of the strips themselves, with the first-ever translation of these into English.