The key questions addressed in this book relate to how we should understand social welfare today. Is it a mechanism for promoting the virtues of altruism and other-regarding social values through the design of compassionate social policies which seek to enhance the quality of social relationships between citizens, or, is it a self-reproducing sub-system of law and politics which operates in accordance with its own internal logic, independently of the human agents who try to steer it towards benign social outcomes? This book questions whether the language of the enlightenment is the most appropriate to describe a socio-political project that is struggling to keep pace with the rapidly changing economic and political conditions which now exist in a neo-liberal global world.The main sociological theorists guiding the analysis here are Niklas Luhmann, Jurgen Habermas and Norbert Elias, among others. The key themes analysed in the book are street-level bureaucracy and the interface between the welfare system and the citizen; sensemaking in welfare organisations and in society; the relationship between lay morality and the policy making process; the link between the third sector and philanthrocapitalism; and the emotional dimension of social policy, especially in relation to social work practice. It will appeal to social science students of social and political theory, as well as those seeking an understanding of the changing context of contemporary issues in social policy.