The book, comprised predominantly of survey chapters, is a collection of recent results in various fields of theoretical and applied optimization and related topics. It contains survey papers on second order nonsmooth analysis, based on subjects, multiplicative programs and c-programming, optimal algorithms in emergent computation, the extremal principle and its applications, turnpike property for variational problems, asymptotic behavior of random infinite products of some operators, inequalities for Riemann-Stieltjes integral. Other topics covered include nonsmooth analysis and analysis of linear operators and set-valued mappings, numerical methods and generalized penalty functions, applied optimal control problems and Markov decision processes, optimal estimation of signal parameters and the problem of maximal time congestion. Audience: Specialists in optimization, mathematical programming, convex analysis, nonsmoooth analysis, engineers using mathematical tools and optimization technique, specialists in mathematical modeling.