The Ancient Romans used the metal lead (Pb) to make pewter plates and pipes to carry water. Scientists now know that lead is quite poisonous to humans. It is a cumulative poison, and its built-up effects can lead to damage in the brain, liver, and kidneys. Lead has no useful biological function and should not be eaten or otherwise taken into the body. Students will learn about the physical and chemical properties of lead, its atomic structure, and its place on the periodic table. Readers will also learn about the various industrial applications of lead, including its use as a shield for X-rays and radiation produced in nuclear reactors and for absorbing vibration and sound. In compounds, lead is used in making lead-acid storage batteries, fine crystal, solder in circuit boards, and vulcanized rubber.