In 1901 the National Bureau of Standards (NBS) was founded to provide standard weights and measures and to be the national physical laboratory for the United States of America. The NBS conducted a lot of research in the fields of science and technology which were reported as \“Technological Papers.\” In 1988 the NBS became what we know now; the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST). This is one of those documents written by employees of the NBS.