Gain a thorough understanding of the principles and practices of ecology with this comprehensive textbook. From the basic concepts of ecosystems and populations to the complex interactions of species and environments, this book covers all the major topics in the field. With clear explanations, ample illustrations, and practical examples, this book is an essential resource for students, scholars, and professionals alike.

This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it.

This work is in the "public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work.

Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.