Over a decade after the Taliban were ousted from power, Afghans’ rights and security are at a crossroad, and women’s rights hang by a thread. Two former political authorities offer an update on opportunities – and dangers – facing the international community as Operation Enduring Freedom winds down. Dr Jalal is a former minister in the Karzai government, asks the important questions and delivers informed insights on the history of women’s struggle in Afghanistan and the dangers posed by the ongoing negotiations with the Taliban. In Part II Dr Silva, a former member of the Canadian Parliament, addresses the continuing dilemma of security, state failure and terrorism and the structures and supports that must be in place following the international military withdrawal.