El Filibusterismo ( The Subversive ) is the second novel by Jose Rizal (1861-1896), national hero of the Philippines. Like its predecessor, the better-known
Noli Me Tangere , the
Fili
was written in Castilian while Rizal was traveling and studying in Europe. It was published in Ghent in 1891 and later translated into English, German, French, Japanese, Tagalog, Ilonggo, and other languages. A nationalist novel by an author who has been called
the first Filipino,
its nature as a social document of the late-nineteenth-century Philippines is often emphasized. For many years, copies of the
Fili
were smuggled into the Philippines after it was condemned as subversive by the Spanish authorities. Characters from the
Noli
(Basilio, Dona Victorina, Padre Salvi) return while new ones are introduced: Simoun, the transformed Ibarra; Cabesang Tales and his struggle for justice; the nationalist student Isagani; the Indio priest Padre Florentino. Through them the colonial milieu is expanded - its officialdom, education, legal system, power plays, social patterns - and seen anew as context for conflict and insight. Translator Soledad Lacson-Locsin is the first to have worked from facsimile editions of the original manuscripts. The result is the most authoritative and faithful English translation to date, one which attempts to preserve in English the cadence and color of the original.