In this volume are included all of Gauss’s number-theoretic works: his masterpiece, Disquisitiones Arithmeticae, published when Gauss was only 25 years old; several papers published during the ensuing 31 years; and papers taken from material found in Gauss’s handwriting after his death. These papers include a fourth, fifth, and sixth proof of the Quadratic Reciprocity Law, researches on biquadratic residues, quadratic forms, and other topics. This reprint of the German translation from Latin of the second edition published in 1889 includes an extensive appendix and concludes with a commentary on the papers (with references, where appropriate, to the relevant pages of the Disquisitiones).