From the moment he took the oath of office in April 1945, Harry Truman was required to make difficult decisions in an increasingly dangerous world. The results – notably the Truman Doctrine, the Marshall Plan, and the North Atlantic Treaty Organization – were the building blocks of containment, a strategic approach usually associated with George F. Kennan. In this fresh account, based on primary sources, Elizabeth Edwards Spalding argues that it was Truman himself, shaped by history, experience, and religious faith, who outlined and directed America’s practice of containment. In so doing, he established a new liberal internationalismthat became the dominant bipartisan consensus on U.S. foreign policy in the post-World War II era.