The aim of this book is to provide an account of modernist painting that follows on from the aesthetic theory of Theodor W.Adorno. It offers a materialist account of modernism with detailed discussions of modern aesthetics from Lessing, Kant, Schiller, and Schlegel to Adorno and Stanley Cavell. It discusses in detail competing accounts of modernism: Clement Greenberg, Michael Fried, Yves-Alain Bois, Theirry de Duve, and Arthur Danto; and it discusses several painters and artists in detail: Pieter de Hooch, Jackson Pollack, Robert Ryman, Cindy Sherman, and Chaim Soutine. Its central thesis is that modernist painting exemplifies a form of rationality that is an alternative to the instrumental rationality of enlightened modernity. Modernist paintings exemplify how nature and the sociality of meaning can be reconciled.