This issue of Thoracic Surgery Clinics of North America, guest edited by Drs. Jean Deslauriers, Farid Shamji, and Bill Nelems, is the second of two devoted to Fundamentals of Airway Surgery. The editors have assembled expert authors to review the following topics: From Open to Bedside Percutaneous Tracheostomy; Anterior Mediastinal Tracheostomy: Past, Present, and Future; Extended Sleeve Resections; Bronchoplasties at the Segmental Level; Challenges of Carinal Resection and Reconstruction; Carinal Pneumonectomy; Management of Post-Pneumonectomy Broncho-Pleural Fistula: From Thoracoplasty to Trans-Sternal Closure; Tracheal Transplantation: State of the Art and Key Role of Blood Supply in its Success; Autologous Tracheal Replacement; Pathophysiology and Predictors of Bronchial Complications After Lung Transplantation; Management of Bronchial Complications After Lung Transplantation and Late Sequelae; Experiences with Prosthetic Airway Replacement: From the Use of Marlex Meshes to Tissue Engineering; Management of Acquired Benign Tracheo-Esophageal Fistulas; Strategies in the Treatment of Malignant Tracheoesophageal Fistulas; Recognition and Management of Life-Threatening Tracheo-Vascular Fistulae and How to Prevent Them; Principles of Urgent Management of Acute Airway Obstruction; Tracheo-Bronchial Injuries Secondary to Blunt Chest Trauma; Cricothyroid Approach for Emergency Access to the Airway; Use of Silicone Tubes in the Management of Complex Airway Problems; Management of the Airway after Tracheal Reconstruction; Importance of a Team Effort in the Success of Airway Surgery; and more!