The emergence of artificial intelligence (AI) in health care offers unprecedented opportunities to improve patient and clinical team outcomes, reduce costs, and impact population health. While there have been a number of promising examples of AI applications in health care, it is imperative to proceed with caution or risk the potential of user disillusionment, another AI winter, or further exacerbation of existing health- and technology-driven disparities.

This Special Publication synthesizes current knowledge to offer a reference document for relevant health care stakeholders. It outlines the current and near-term AI solutions; highlights the challenges, limitations, and best practices for AI development, adoption, and maintenance; offers an overview of the legal and regulatory landscape for AI tools designed for health care application; prioritizes the need for equity, inclusion, and a human rights lens for this work; and outlines key considerations for moving forward.

AI is poised to make transformative and disruptive advances in health care, but it is prudent to balance the need for thoughtful, inclusive health care AI that plans for and actively manages and reduces potential unintended consequences, while not yielding to marketing hype and profit motives.

Table of Contents

Front Matter Summary 1 Artificial Intelligence in Health Care: The Hope, the Hype, the Promise, the Peril 2 Overview of Current Artificial Intelligence 3 How Artificial Intelligence Is Changing Health and Health Care 4 Potential Trade-Offs and Unintended Consequences of Artificial Intelligence 5 Artificial Intelligence Model Development and Validation 6 Deploying Artificial Intelligence in Clinical Settings 7 Health Care Artificial Intelligence: Law, Regulation, and Policy 8 Artificial Intelligence in Health Care: Hope Not Hype, Promise Not Peril Appendix A: Additional Key Reference Materials Appendix B: Workshop Agenda and Participant List Appendix C: Author Biographies