The U.S. sheep industry is complex, multifaceted, and rooted in history and tradition. The dominant feature of sheep production in the United States, and, thus, the focus of much producer and policy concern, has been the steady decline in sheep and lamb inventories since the mid-1940s. Although often described as ‘an industry in decline’, this report concludes that a better description of the current U.S. sheep industry is ‘an industry in transition’.