Asphalt pavement, a key element in roads, bridges, and airports, faces durability issues mainly due to the mechanical weaknesses of asphalt materials and poor adhesion with aggregates. Advancing high-quality asphalt materials and understanding surface interactions are essential to improve pavement longevity. The evolution of asphalt materials and design over recent decades has reshaped our approach to pavement performance, necessitating new research methods to analyze material and surface behavior. Global research continues to innovate, focusing on developing new asphalt compositions and enhancing material and structural characterization. Technologies like artificial intelligence and big data have expanded research possibilities, posing challenges in integrating modern techniques into construction and maintenance practices. This Special Issue aims to cover a broad range of topics, including asphalt modification, aging, recycling, interface characterization between asphalt and aggregates, numerical modeling of these interfaces, in-depth analyses of surface adhesion and moisture damage, innovations in warm- and cold-mix asphalt, smart pavement materials and infrastructure, alongside monitoring, performance evaluation, and prediction techniques in pavement technology.